Open channel flows are found in Nature as well as in man-made structures In Nature, tranquil flows are observed in large rivers near their estuaries: e.g. the Nile River between Alexandria and Cairo, the Brisbane River in Brisbane. Rushing waters are encountered in mountain rivers, river rapids and torrents. Classical examples include the cataracts of the Nile River, the Zambesi rapids in Africa and the Rhine waterfalls.
Wisconsin River and sand bars in Aug, 1966 – looking upstream.
Man-made open channels can be water-supply channels for irrigation, power supply and drinking waters, conveyor channel in water treatment plants, storm waterways, some public fountains, culverts below roads and railways lines.
Open channel flows are observed in small-scale as well as large-scale situations. For example, the flow depth can be between few centimetres in water treatment plants and over 10 m in large rivers. The mean flow velocity may range from less than 0.01 m/s in tranquil waters to above 50 m/s in high-head spillway. The range of total discharges2 may extend from Q ~ 0.001 l/s in chemical plants to Q > 10 000 m3/s in large rivers or spillways. In each flow situation, however, the location of the free surface is unknown beforehand and it is determined by applying the continuity and momentum principles.
So in today’s rapid development of science and technology, product update iteration, which hydrological products that measure the flow rate of open channels are more intelligent and accurate, as follows:
Post time: Sep-29-2024